温度对二斑叶螨实验种群生长的影响

采用大樱桃叶片饲养二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch,组建其在15,20,25,30和35℃下的实验种群生命表,分析温度对二斑叶螨种群动态的影响。结果表明:在试验的温度范围内,二斑叶螨的发育速率随着温度的升高而加快,并符合Logistic模型。二斑叶螨全世代的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为11.85℃和170.39日.度。计算出在不同温度下的实验种群的内禀增长率(rm)、净增殖率(R0)、周限增长率(λ)、世代平均周期(T)和种群加倍时间(t)等种群参数。     

四种树种上二斑叶螨生长发育及繁殖差异及其与植物叶片化学组成的关系

采用海绵水盘法研究了苹果Malus pumila Mill.、接骨木Sambucus illiamsii Hance、苦楝Melia azedarach L.、火炬树Rhus typhina L.对二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch生长发育和繁殖的影响,并分别采用凯氏定氮法、索氏提取法、蒽酮比色法、Folin-Denis比色法测定了植物叶片全氮含量、粗脂肪含量、可溶性糖含量、单宁含量。结果发现：苹果和接骨木叶片的全氮（分别为2.98％和4.00％）和可溶性糖（分别为19.92％和12.81％）含量较高,有利于二斑叶螨生长发育和繁殖。而火炬树叶片的全氮量（2.60％）、可溶性糖含量（4.98％）最低,单宁含量（11.45％）最高,对二斑叶螨具有较强的抗性。单宁可能是植物抗螨性形成过程中起主要作用的次生物质。     

Local and systemic effects of two herbivores with different feeding mechanisms on primary metabolism of cotton leaves

Caterpillars and spider mites are herbivores with different feeding mechanisms. Spider mites feed on the cell content via stylets, while caterpillars, as chewing herbivores, remove larger amounts of photosynthetically active tissue. We investigated local and systemic effects of short-term caterpillar and spider mite herbivory on cotton in terms of primary metabolism and growth processes. After short-term caterpillar feeding, leaf growth and water content were decreased in damaged leaves. The glutamate/glutamine ratio increased and other free amino acids were also affected. In contrast, mild spider mite infestation did not affect leaf growth or amino acid composition, but led to an increase in total nitrogen and sucrose concentrations. Both herbivores induced locally increased dark respiration, suggesting an increased mobilization of storage compounds potentially available for synthesis of defensive substances, but did not affect assimilation and transpiration. Systemically induced leaves were not significantly affected by the treatments performed in this study. The results show that cotton plants do not compensate the loss of photosynthetic tissue with higher photosynthetic efficiency of the remaining tissue. However, early plant responses to different herbivores leave their signature in primary metabolism, affecting leaf growth. Changes in amino acid concentrations, total nitrogen and sucrose content may affect subsequent herbivore performance.     

Toxicity,inheritance and biochemistry of clofentezine resistance in Tetranychus urticae

Abstract This study evaluates the toxicological and biochemical response of two‐spotted spider mites to clofentezine selection pressure. The mortality rate of Tetranychus urticae in adult females depends on increased clofentezine concentration and clofentezine was found to be effective against females. The resistance rate of the CUM strain selected 12 times once per generation with clofentezine was increased from 1.28‐ to 105.27‐fold. The interaction of some synergists with clofentezine was analyzed in the clofentezine‐resistant CLOF 12 strain. Synergists had no effect on clofentezine toxicity. The clofentezine‐resistant CLOF 12 strain showed resistance against chlorpyrifos, abamectin, propargite, fenpyroximate and amitraz. The modes of inheritance of resistance to clofentezine were found to be incompletely dominant and not sex‐linked. Esterase enzyme activity was detected both by gel electrophoresis and microplate reader methods, while glutathione S‐transferase (GST) and monooxygenase (P450) activity were detected only by the microplate reader method. During the selection period the esterase, the GST and the P450 enzymes activities were raised from 7.69, 7.09 and 0.003 3 to 18.40, 13.11 and 0.003 7 milli‐optical density/min/mg proteins, respectively. An increase was observed in the band intensity of esterases and esterase enzymes may play a role in clofentezine resistance in T. urticae.     

Effective concentrations of garlic distillate (Allium sativum) for the control of Tetranychus urticae (Tetranychidae)

The two‐spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is a worldwide pest that feeds on a large variety of plant families. Because its resistance to acaricides is spreading rapidly, the development of new biological control tactics for population management is crucial. Plant extracts, such as garlic extract (Allium sativum Linn.), may represent viable alternatives, because they are currently considered to be minimum‐risk pesticides. Although garlic is known for its acaricidal properties, the extract concentration that provides the most efficient control has not yet been precisely determined. In this study, we conducted a series of laboratory experiments to determine the susceptibility of adult females to different concentrations of garlic extract. Fresh garlic cloves were steam‐distilled and sprayed using a Potter spray tower. Mortality and fecundity were measured upon treatment with garlic extract concentrations ranging from 0.46 to 14.4 mg/l. Female mortality increased with concentration, with LD₅₀ and LD₉₀ values of 7.49 and 13.5 mg/l, respectively. Reduced fecundity was previously observed at concentrations of 0.36 and 0.74 mg/l. The chemical composition of the Allium sativum distillate was characterized by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection, GC/MS and Fast GC‐FID against an authentic standard (Standard, Bioextract).Vinyl dithiin, diallyl disulphide, diallyl trisulphide and methyl allyl trisulphide were identified based on their mass spectra. Sesquiterpenoids were identified by their retention index.     

不同环境温度下大草蛉对黄精主要害虫二斑叶螨的控害潜能评估

以重要中草药黄精Polygonattum sibiricium的主要害虫二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae为研究对象,在5个温度(15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃及35℃)条件下,测定了大草蛉Chrysopa pallens雌成虫对二斑叶螨的捕食功能反应及搜索效应。试验结果表明,在温度处理设置范围内,各温度下大草蛉对二斑叶螨的捕食功能反应均拟合HollingII功能反应模型。大草蛉对二斑叶螨的捕食,受温度及猎物密度影响显著。而在各温度处理间,以25℃下的瞬间攻击率最大为0.664,而猎物处理时间最短为0.025d。瞬间攻击率在高温及低温条件下均低于25℃。但猎物处理时间则呈显出相反的趋势。基于捕食功能反应结果计算的搜索效应表明,大草蛉对二斑叶螨的搜索效应在各温度处理内随猎物密度增加而线性上升,其中以25℃下的捕食效应最高,而在15℃下的最低。本研究结果表明,大草蛉雌成虫作为一种捕食性天敌,对黄精上的二斑叶螨具有一定的控害潜能,并且其取食能力受环境温度影响显著。     

北细辛挥发油对二斑叶螨的毒性及其酶的影响

采用气相/质谱分析了北细辛挥发油的化学成分,并研究了北细辛挥发油对二斑叶螨的薰蒸毒性,以及对谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶(GSTs)与Na+,K+-ATP酶活性的影响。结果表明:有9种含量大于1%的化学成分占北细辛挥发油总量的86.1%,其中甲基丁香酚含量最高(22.9%),其次为黄樟醚(19.8%);北细辛挥发油在8μg/mL时对二斑叶螨的熏蒸毒性最强,其24和48 h的螨死亡率分别为72.6%和100%;以4μg/mL北细辛挥发油薰蒸,在24 h内螨Na+,K+-ATP酶活性下降、GSTs活性升高。本研究结果提示北细辛挥发油有开发为农业用杀螨剂的潜在价值。     

二斑叶螨为害对番茄叶片主要营养物质和防御酶活性的影响

本文研究了二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae为害对寄主植物番茄营养物质和防御酶活性的影响。结果表明:二斑叶螨为害对番茄植株体内营养物质含量和防御酶活性均有一定影响,且为害密度和为害时间存在交互作用。二斑叶螨为害后番茄叶片可溶性糖含量下降幅度与叶螨为害密度和时间呈正比;可溶性蛋白和游离氨基酸含量在二斑叶螨高密度为害3 d时最低。二斑叶螨为害后番茄叶片防御酶活性普遍增强,过氧化物酶POD活性在5头/叶密度时与为害时间呈正比;苯丙氨酸解氨酶PAL、多酚氧化酶PPO和脂氧合酶LOX活性的变化一致,均在中密度为害时活性最高。以上结果说明番茄叶片通过调节其体内营养物质含量和各种防御酶活性的变化,对二斑叶螨的胁迫产生了应激反应。     

二斑叶螨多重抗性品系最优内参基因的筛选及CYP392A亚家族基因的表达分析

【目的】筛选出二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch抗甲氰菊酯、阿维菌素及螺螨酯混剂的实时定量PCR最优内参基因。【方法】选取5.8S rRNA, α-tubulin, TBP, β-actin, ELFn, RPL13a, GAPDH和SDHA 8个候选内参基因,以GeNorm, BestKeeper和Normfinder 3个软件分析这8个基因在二斑叶螨多重抗性品系中的表达稳定性, 并以筛选的内参基因分析二斑叶螨P450酶系CYP392A亚家族基因的表达水平。【结果】经GeNorm, BestKeeper和Normfinder 3个软件综合评价确定ELFn基因为二斑叶螨敏感品系(susceptible strain, SS)和多重抗性品系(multi-pesticide resistant strain, Mp-R)各发育阶段的最优内参基因。以ELFn为内参基因对二斑叶螨CYP392A亚家族16个基因表达量进行分析,结果表明：经多重抗性选育40代后,Mp-R品系卵期CYP392A1表达量显著上调;CYP392A16基因在各发育阶段表达量极显著高于SS品系相应发育阶段;其他基因表达量在敏感品系和抗性品系之间差异不显著。【结论】筛选出了SS和Mp R品系中各发育阶段最佳内参基因为EFLn;Mp-R品系CYP392A亚家族16个基因的表达量在幼螨和若螨阶段低于卵与成螨阶段,其中CYP392A16基因在二斑叶螨多重抗性的形成中起主要作用。该结果为二斑叶螨多重抗性研究奠定了一定基础。